Can the machine speak? we might once have asked. Can it sing? The question is an old one; as old as Ada Lovelace, the Enchantress of Numbers herself; or even as old as the first clockwork androids to grace the opera house stages of the Enlightenment.
For half a century now, we have known that the answer is yes. Ever since Arthur C. Clarke visited a
friend at Bell Labs and chanced upon an IBM singing, "Daisy, Daisy, give me your answer do." But if this were no more than the artificial parroting of its human masters, like a dog thatโll say sausages if you wiggle its jaw in a certain way, when might we hear a machine intone songs of its very own?
Can the machine sing, as it were, in its own tongue? Recently, for perhaps the first time, I have felt that the answer might just be yes.
The idea is not new. When Lejaren Hiller and Leonard Isaacson programmed their Illiac Suite in 1956 they used information theory and Stanislaw Ulamโs โMonte Carloโ method, in the hope, as they said, of finding the computerโs native language. The result was a set of string quartets that swung between baroque counterpoint and Schoenbergian dodecaphony. Their heirs will be found in the endless Chopin-esque preludes and Bach-alike chorales spun out by David Copeโs Experiments In Musical Intelligence algorithms from a yarn of Markov chains and random numbers.
Most of the spam music that is beginning to clog up online music services is still manmade. Session
players with names like The Hit Crew and Tribute to Macklemore record hundreds of soundalike cover versions in the hope that hapless browsers will mistake their knock-off for the real thing. Meanwhile, โpersonalised musicโ artists, the Birthday Song Crew, boast 4,775 songs on iTunes, from โHappy Birthday Aarianaโ to โHappy Birthday Zimenaโ, each one identical bar the proper noun addressed in the chorus.
What happens, though, when such fearless creatives cotton onto the algorithmic methods of David Cope? They will be churning out an endless grey goo of new Macklemore material, more Macklemore-ish than Macklemore themselves. The original artists will not be able to compete with their own spambot substitutes.
Just a few weeks ago, Google admitted that it no longer understands how its own โdeep learningโ systems work. The software has outthought its programmers. James Bridleโs New Aesthetic blog was one of the first to pick up on this little titbit from the recent Machine Learning Conference in San Francisco. I talked to Bridle in 2013 about how spambots may actually help us to write new kinds of stories. He spoke in rapt tones about โthe quality of language of spam and the kind of broken text you find on the internet, almost as a kind of vernacular of the network itselfโ.
When I asked Bridle about music, he pointed to the work of Holly Herndon as someone whose hyper-connected liminal techno bore some parallels to the kind of โnetwork fictionsโ that interested him. A few months later, Herndonโs name came up again when I spoke to British artist Conrad Shawcross about his Ada Project (named after Lord Byronโs daughter, the first computer programmer, Ada Lovelace). Shawcross had installed a sixteen-and-a-half foot tall tack-welding robot in the Palais de Tokyo and invited a selection of female electronic music artists (including Herndon, plus Beatrice Dillon, Mira Calix, and others) to compose music in response to its winding, sinuous movements.
Instead of merely responding to music that already existed, Shawcross wanted his robot to act as a
โprimary source of inspirationโ much as earlier generations of composers โ from jazz to industrial
music โ had responded to the rhythms of the new industrial world. โThe robot is the player and the
musician is the theremin,โ he said to me, โand they have to respond vocally to the machine.โ But
though she edited โvery meticulouslyโ to the rhythms of the machine, Herndonโs piece in particular
sounded a million miles away from the machine aesthetics of the twentieth century. She envisaged a
future in which machines would not replace but enhance the human body, making them โgo beyond
the physical limitations that we have.โ
In November, I met Herndon at Le Cube, a digital arts centre in the Parisian banlieues. She told me about her fellow student at Stanford Universityโs Centre for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), Kurt Werner, whose music is built out of layered โcompression glitchโ, like a version of Alvin Lucierโs โI Am Sitting in a Roomโ in which the room whose acoustic signature finally engulfs the sound is now the virtual space of the computer. And she talked about a concert she played in New York where her laptop โjust had a total breakdown โฆ doing all of this weird digital artefactingโ. After the show everyone was amazed at the extraordinary sounds they presumed she had deliberately crafted.
Finally, we found ourselves speculating about the music of a post-human future in which AIs are the dominant producers and consumers of music. โThereโs a physical reason,โ she averred, for the consonant sound of most human music, relating to the overtone series and the functioning of the ear. โSo if itโs no longer a human-centred universe, then I could see it getting quite dissonant for human ears and maybe extremely rhythmically complex. Maybe weโre still stuck to the bpm of our pregnant mothersโ heartbeat. Maybe,โ she speculated further of these potential post-Singularity sonics, โit would be in tune with the 50 hertz hum of electricity".
For her performance earlier in the evening, part of the รle-de-Franceโs annual Festival Nรฉmo, Iโd
noticed her stroking what looked like walkman earbuds across the surface of her laptop. โTheyโre induction mics,โ she explained. โThey pick up electrical activity.โ By rubbing them across the frame of her computer she was picking up otherwise hidden signals from the black box, bringing the oblique interior to the surface. โIโm giving it a voice,โ she explained.
One of the things that James Bridle mentioned to me with regard to Herndonโs music was the way her use of versatile programming languages like Max/MSP makes โthe machine [into] an instrument you are building even as you are playing it. Writing music while writing the code to generate that music.โ This aspect of on-the-fly computational virtuosity is the specific focus of a burgeoning micro-scene that I first stumbled across earlier this year called Algorave.
A portmanteau of algorithm and rave, Algorave parties typically involve people dancing (or at least nodding appreciatively) to repetitive beats programmed live on fairly low-order functional programming languages like Haskell. The streams of alphanumeric code are projected onto a screen behind the performers, to be admired by onlookers much as a jazz aficionado might esteem the graceful fingering of a Pat Metheny or a John McLaughlin. Like a kind of fetish, the datastream comes to usurp the place of the performer as the object of the audienceโs focus.
On the Algorave website, the progenitors emphasise the โalien, futuristic rhythmsโ introduced, as if by a sort of alchemy, by โstrange, algorithm-aided processesโ. โBugs often get into the code which donโt make sense,โ admits coder Alex McLean of Slub and Silicone Bake in an interview with Dazed online. โWe just go with it.โ The quirks of the system, its vagaries and idiosyncrasies, begin to guide the music into uncharted territories; the native zones of the digi-sonic diaspora.
That hoary old phrase โany sound imaginableโ, which had survived unchanged from nineteenth
century orchestration treatises to the cheerleaders of twentieth century electronic music and the product catalogues of every twenty-first century audio equipment manufacturer, is now defunct. It is no longer necessarily we who are doing the imagining to which our mechanical slaves meekly respond.
When I spoke with Holly Herndon, she reminded me of the work of Goodiepal, a Faroese artist whose uniquely freakish Narc Beacon album I had played to death upon its release a little over a decade ago. More recently, apart from getting rich on the โdark side of the internetโ and nuisancing
the Danish Royal Academy of Music, Goodiepal has been developing his idea of "radical computer
music". By this he means music not necessarily made by computers, but rather for consumption by computers, for the sake of intriguing and entertaining our future robot overlords.
Goodiepal, whose real name is Parl Kristian Bjรธrn Vester, figures that since we tend to be most fascinated by things that we find it hard to understand (love, death, the universe and so on), so too will any artificial intelligence to emerge in the next few decades. As such, his "radical computer music" is all about music that is completely unscannable by digital means. It becomes, paradoxically, a music that is uniquely human.
Though far from human-sounding by any traditional metric, another stream of contemporary music which pushes the scanning ability of digital systems to their limit goes by the name of Black Midi. So called for the incredible density of notes crammed onto their scores, I first happened upon the Black Midi scene thanks to an article on Rhizome in late September.
Artists use cheap software like Synthesia, intended as a vaguely Guitar Hero-ish piano tuition aid, as a means of visualising their pieces for YouTube consumption. Notes rain down on the piano keyboard like a tropical storm with some pieces averaging more than 60,000 notes a second, note counts in the millions โ even billions โ over the course of a few minutes. At moments of the most extreme densities, the systemโs ability to represent the information it is being fed breaks down and the sound erupts into a scree of digital distortion. There is a reason why so many โblackersโ refer to their tunes as "impossible music".
When I described the Black Midi stuff Iโd heard to Holly Herndon, she was apt to liken it to the early twentieth century cluster chords of Charles Ives, or to think of it as a kind of absurdist critique โ whether deliberate or not โ of the extremes of virtuosity demanded by the โnew complexityโ music of composers like Brian Ferneyhough. The Rhizome article mentioned the unplayable player piano rolls of Conlon Nancarrow. But I was inclined to see something else, at once more novel and more strange.
As I plunged through the online rabbit hole of Black Midi wikis and YouTube channels, with their
frenzied cover versions of classic video game soundtracks, their hyperbolic boasts of lavish cpu-
busting note densities; I heard something at once comfortingly alien and peculiarly childlike. I kept
thinking this was the kind of music that the robot Johnny 5 from the Short Circuit movies would make.
I feel fairly confident that Goodiepal would not approve of the blackersโ impish approach โ most of his recent releases come on oddly shaped chunks of vinyl with no digital footprint whatsoever. But in their urgent quest after impossible things, the Black Midi crew fulfil in an odd sort of way Goodiepalโs most oft-repeated demand: to give back to computer music its long lost element of utopia.
